The U.S. Army engages in a broad range of missions that involve a diverse spectrum of environments. In addition to combat and counterinsurgency operations, missions include negotiation, reconstruction, and stability operations. Central to the success of Army missions are the functioning of the small units that carry out the factical operations of strategic missions. Among the many factors that influence the functioning of small units are the social and organizational factors of the contexts in which the unit operates. This report presents an agenda for basic research related to social and organizational factors in order to improve understanding of how such factors affect soldiers and small units and to maximize the effectiveness of U.S. Army personnel policies and practices.