In this Lecture course, Reiner Schürmann reads Marx's work as a transcendental materialism. Arguing that what is most original in Marx is not his political, sociological, or economic thinking, but his philosophical axis, Schürmann shows that Marx conceives being as polyvalent praxis. On the problem of universal, Marx's transcendental materialism is nominalistic: being as action is irreducibly manifold. Following Schürmann's own suggestion, this edition is complemented by a reprinting of his "Anti-Humanism" essay, in which he reads Marx alongside Nietzsche and Heidegger as spelling out the dissociation of being and action. As a whole, this volume brings out one of the less appreciated facets of Schürmann's work and offers an interpretation of Marx that resonates with the readings of Michel Henry, Jacques Derrida, Antonio Negri, and François Laruelle.