Lower dimensional structures, such as nanotubes and nanowires, have opened new frontiers in materials research. Recent advances in the synthesis, processing and characterization of these structures indicate that some of their enormous potential is slowly being realized. This book outlines the progress that has been made in the science and applications of elemental (e.g., C and Si) and compound (e.g., ZnO, InP and GaAs) nanotubes, wires and layers. The book emphasizes how far initial expectations have come and the work necessary to realize their future promise. Topics include: carbon nanotube growth mechanisms; solution-based processing and electrochemistry; carbon nanotube synthesis and characterization; nanowires - synthesis and characterization; carbon nanostructure processing; optical and thermal properties; nanowires and nanotubes - electrical, optical and thermal properties; mechanical properties; and mechanical properties and energy applications.