The Middle Included: Logos in Aristotle

is the first comprehensive account of the Ancient Greek word in Aristotelian philosophy. means many things in the Aristotelian corpus: essential formula, proportion, reason, and language. Surveying these meanings in Aristotle’s logic, physics, and ethics, Ömer Aygün persuasively demonstrates that these divers meanings of all refer to a basic sense of “gathering” or “inclusiveness.” In this sense, functions as a counterpart to a formal version of the principles of non-contradiction and of the excluded middle in his corpus. Aygün thus shifts Aristotle’s traditional image from that of the father of formal logic, classificatory thinking, and to a more nuanced image of him as a thinker of . also explores human language in Aristotelian philosophy. After an account of acoustic phenomena and animal communication, argues that human language for Aristotle is the ability to understand and relay both first-hand experiences and non-first-hand experiences. This definition is key to understanding many core human experiences such as science, history, news media, education, sophistry, and indeed philosophy itself. is thus never associated with any other animal nor with anything divine—it remains strictly and rigorously secular, humane, and yet full of the wonder.