Alarmed by the staggering rise in anti-intellectual outbursts of conservative politicians, documented threats against dissident scholars in an increasing number of countries, and serious attacks on our fundamental right on scientific freedom in the last few years, this edited volume brings together proceedings of the international conference on "The Problems of Scientific Freedoms in Modern and Contemporary History", held at the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, on 2-3 November 2018. Covering a broad spatial and temporal span, stretching from the early 19th century to the Cold War era and the neoliberal times, from Eurasia to China and to the US, it offers an illuminating panorama of the political and structural challenges that scientific production and critical thinking continue to face.