In Relational Iconography: Representational Culture at the Qaraquyunlu and Aqquyunlu Courts (853 / 1449 CE to 907 / 1501 CE), Georg Leube engages with courtly representation from an iconographical perspective, tracing the intersecting agencies of courtly actors negotiating multiple normativities and traditions. While the courtly culture of the Qaraquyunlu and Aqquyunlu dynasties (15th century C.E.) is commonly interpreted as an intermezzo in Persianate and Islamicate cultural history, it is here framed as an ideal field to explore a relational approach that challenges established dichotomies and ideal types. By reading multiple mediums and discourses into each other, Georg Leube shows how courtly performance is rooted in iconographical repertoires that resonated with different networks and groups inside the 'Turkmen' realms.