Infinite dimensional systems can be used to describe many phenomena in the real world. As is well known, heat conduction, properties of elastic­ plastic material, fluid dynamics, diffusion-reaction processes, etc., all lie within this area. The object that we are studying (temperature, displace­ ment, concentration, velocity, etc.) is usually referred to as the state. We are interested in the case where the state satisfies proper differential equations that are derived from certain physical laws, such as Newton's law, Fourier's law etc. The space in which the state exists is called the state space, and the equation that the state satisfies is called the state equation. By an infinite dimensional system we mean one whose corresponding state space is infinite dimensional. In particular, we are interested in the case where the state equation is one of the following types: partial differential equation, functional differential equation, integro-differential equation, or abstract evolution equation. The case in which the state equation is being a shastic differential equation is also an infinite dimensional problem, but we will not discuss such a case in this book.