First Published in 2001. This volume contains the proceedings of the international colloquium held by the IAS Project in October 1999. These papers deal with the modem and contemporary history of Central Eurasia, for a comprehensive reflection on various phenomena that led to a political valuation of Islam under non-Muslim domination, whether Russian or Chinese, since the beginning of the 18th century. A comparative approach to the current situations in the Russian Federation and the newly independent states of Central Asia has allowed us to study the various modes of the political instrumentalization of Islam, by both political power and opposition, in such various areas as the Ferghana Valley in Uzbekistan and the Volga-Urals region of Russia.