This book presents 19 selected contributions to the 20th Evolutionary Biology Meeting in Marseille, which took place in September 2016. They are grouped under the following major themes: · Self/Nonself Evolution · Species Evolution and Evolution of Complex Traits · Methods and Concepts The aims of the annual meetings in Marseille – which bring together leading evolutionary biologists and other scientists using evolutionary biology concepts, e.g. for medical research – are to promote the exchange of ideas and to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations. Offering a revealing overview of the latest findings in the field of evolutionary biology, this book represents an invaluable source of information for scientists, teachers and advanced students alike.