Different electoral systems and the contributing factors involved when modifying an existing system are discussed in this comprehensive guide. Case studies explain how and why certain electoral systems were adopted in countries such as Brazil, China, India, Lesotho, Palestine, and South Africa, and simple explanations are provided for systems being used in more than 200 independent states and territories. In addition, measures for promoting the representation of women and minorities within electoral systems and a color-coded map that illustrates the presence of different electoral systems are included.